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Rampaging hordes - or darlings of the Dark Ages?

The vikings' reputation as hairy, axe-wielding barbarians has been=20 demolished by the revelation that the ancient Norsemen were = technologically=20 advanced, hygienic and really rather civilised, says William Langley =

By William Langley
Last Updated: 3:45PM GMT 14 Mar 2009

Comments 3=20 | Comment=20 on this article

=20

Vikings had=20 feelings, too Photo: John Springs=20

"Never before has such terror appeared in Britain as we have now=85 = Behold, the=20 church of St Cuthbert, splattered with the blood of its priests, = despoiled of=20 all its ornaments=85 given up as prey to a pagan people."

The religious scholar, Alcuin of York, writing in the late 8th = century, had=20 just experienced a bad case of the Vikings. Fiery dragons had been seen = in the=20 sky, followed by the arrival of raiders in longboats. For the next two=20 centuries, the pattern of mayhem continued, and the caricature of the = Viking as=20 a kind of Scandinavian pillage idiot became thoroughly established.

The=20 Morning Post
When= =20 theyre gone, well all be struggling with English
Today's=20 TV & radio choices
Patt= y=20 Hearst - urban guerrilla brought to heel
Just= =20 misunderstood

Last week, a different picture of the invading Norsemen emerged from = a=20 conference of academics at Cambridge University. Far from disgracing = themselves=20 on our shores, the Vikings can now be seen as model immigrants, whose = successful=20 assimilation into British society holds lessons for our own time. Their = image=20 problem largely stems from their failure =96 what, with all that = plundering to do=20 =96 to find time to record their own history; meaning that chronicling = their=20 presence was left to those on the receiving end of their, shall we say,=20 pragmatic approach to revenue gathering.

"Most people's image of the Vikings centres on their arrival and the=20 disruption it brought, but that only continued for a very short time," = says Dr=20 M=E1ire N=ED Mhaonaigh, a Cambridge professor of Celtic studies who = organised the=20 conference. "Afterwards they started building settlements and = interacting with=20 the locals and influenced them in many ways. They provide a clear = example of how=20 a particular group came into a sophisticated, established society and = the=20 resulting interaction was positive."

Serious historians have long nursed doubts about the traditional = image of the=20 Viking as a hulking, mead-swigging sea-raider with an axe over one = shoulder and=20 a maiden over the other, but it played well in the popular imagination,=20 enlivening books and movies, and until recently there was little of = substance to=20 refute it. The new evidence suggests that most Vikings were simply = looking for a=20 better life and, once in Britain, quickly established themselves as = farmers,=20 craftsmen and traders.

"The Vikings weren't these big, hairy delinquents, they mostly came = from the=20 upper classes," says Ingmar Jansson of Stockholm University. "They were=20 sophisticated and at the cutting edge of civilisation." Their big = problem =96 the=20 one that sent them forth =96 seems to have been the inhospitality of = their native=20 norselands. Arable land was scarce and the climate harsh. The Vikings' = forays=20 into other lands, say the Cambridge scholars, were more about survival = than=20 conquest.

They were also about the deployment of some remarkably advanced = technology.=20 Their longships were fast and seaworthy, and the crews navigated them = with=20 astounding precision. They reached North Africa, the Middle East and = Asia. In=20 the 10th century, the bloodthirsty Viking chieftain Thorwald and his = even more=20 ferocious son, Eric the Red, having been expelled from their native = Norway for a=20 series of grisly murders, made their way by longship to Iceland, from = where =96=20 after committing yet more murders =96 they were also expelled. This time = they made=20 it to Greenland, where, in the frustrating absence of anyone to murder, = they=20 founded a settlement from which Eric's bold and driven son, Leif = Ericson, would=20 later sail west to a place he called Vinland, almost certainly becoming = the=20 first European to sight America.

How did the Vikings, in open ships with minimal room for even basic=20 provisions, manage such epic voyages? Yet more technology, is the = answer. They=20 had learned to preserve cod by drying and salting it until it had lost = 80 per=20 cent of its weight and could be neatly stowed in the hull. This = breakthrough=20 vastly extended their reach, and made possible the five recorded Viking=20 expeditions to North America between 985 and 1011.

"The Vikings reconnected humanity and made the world a smaller place = by=20 travelling these huge distances," says the renowned Viking expert = William=20 Fitzhugh, of Washington's Museum of Natural History. "We can look back = to the=20 Vikings as the origin of human endeavour to find new horizons."

Terrific. Unless you happened to be living on the new horizon when = they=20 arrived. The first recorded landing of Vikings in Britain dates to AD = 787, when=20 three ships, probably from Norway, came ashore on the Dorset coast. = According to=20 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the historical annals compiled in the = time of=20 Alfred the Great, a reeve (tax collector) was sent to meet them. = Apparently=20 taking a dim view of the idea that they should pay mooring fees, the = Vikings=20 chopped up the taxman, leaving his body on the beach as a calling card. =

So began the legend of Viking terror. The raiding parties struck = wherever=20 there was booty or slaves to be taken, and their strategic range covered = all of=20 Europe. Ireland was so badly hit that a few years ago the Danish = government felt=20 obliged to issue one of those fashionably belated official apologies = (accepted).=20 Congregations in western France still pray: "From the wrath of the = Northmen, Oh,=20 Lord preserve us."

Even allowing for historical exaggeration, there's no doubt the = Vikings could=20 be a tough bunch. Where, though, did the ferocity come from? Some = scholars have=20 suggested that they may have been using performance-enhancing substances = =96=20 notably magic mushrooms that they collected on their travels. From this = arose=20 the myth of the "berserkers", the Viking super-warriors who, when in = battle,=20 would enter a frenzy, seemingly impervious to pain.

Yet, away from the obligations of pillaging and plundering, the = Viking was =96=20 according to the Cambridge consensus =96 a very different creature. He = was=20 obsessed with good grooming, fashionable appearance and personal = hygiene, and,=20 in this sense, could be seen as the first metrosexual. One medieval = chronicler,=20 John of Wallingford, records disapprovingly that the Danes "combed their = hair=20 every day, washed every Saturday and changed their clothes regularly". =

Nor did the comprehensive Viking wardrobe include a Hagar the = Horrible-style=20 horned helmet. This idea owes more to Wagner and the era of Teutonic = romanticism=20 than to anything the Vikings actually put on their heads. As far as=20 archaeologists can tell, the standard headwear was a leather skullcap. =

For those who survived the initial introduction, the Vikings proved=20 surprisingly good neighbours. They brought skills, art, lore and = substantial=20 add-ons to our language ("Ahoy!" being the Viking war cry) as well as=20 contributing hugely to our civic development. The Vikings had a highly = developed=20 legal system, a rudimentary form of democracy and rights for women.

Even so, they figured =96 wrongly =96 that they could do better. In = September=20 1066, King Harald of Norway landed in northern England with 15,000 men,=20 determined to complete a Viking takeover of Britain. At the Battle of = Stamford=20 Bridge, he was defeated, effectively ending the Viking Age. Not = entirely,=20 though, for they live on in our imaginations. And as an example of what = even the=20 most unpromising arrivals can achieve in time.

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Comments: 3

During the Viking age Greenland was actually green, and grapes grew = on=20 Newfoundland. I assume therefore that Ice coverage at the poles was = less than=20 now. Surely then half of europe was underwater...

Roger Hopkins

on March 15, 2009

at 10:41 AM

Report=20 this comment
The next batch of Vikings to conquer Britain will arrive with = cheque books.=20

140309-18:53

simon coulter

on March 15, 2009

at 10:20 AM

Report=20 this comment
the author fails to mention the vikings'insistence upon people = separating=20 their rubbish before recycling, their opposition to fast food = restaurants and=20 their compassion for the underprivileged. what silliness.

s masty

on March 15, 2009

at 08:57 AM

Report=20 this comment

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"; } } storyList+=3D"" storyList +=3D "

"+stories[i].title+"

"; } } return storyList; } var diggUCLoaded =3D false; var diggRelLoaded =3D false; $(function(){ if($("#diggWidget").length > 0){ $("#diggWidget").html("

Loading = from Digg

Loading from Digg

"); $("#diggWidget > .diggTabs > ul > .diggMPTab > a, #diggWidget > = .diggTabs > ul > .diggUCTab > a, #diggWidget > .diggTabs > ul > = .diggRTab > a").click(function(){ $("#diggWidget > .diggTabs > ul > = li").removeClass("ui-tabs-selected"); $(this).parent().addClass("ui-tabs-selected") $("#diggStories > div").hide(); = $($(this).attr("href").substring($(this).attr("href").indexOf("#"),$(this= ).attr("href").length)).show(); =09 = if($(this).attr("href").substring($(this).attr("href").indexOf("#")+1,$(t= his).attr("href").length) =3D=3D "diggUpcomingContainer") { if(!diggUCLoaded) { = getJSONObj("http://digg.com/tools/services?type=3Djavascript&endPoint=3D/= stories/upcoming&domain=3Dwww.telegraph.co.uk&sort=3Ddigg_count-desc&coun= t=3D6&size=3Da","TMGCallback","upcoming"); diggUCLoaded =3D true; } } else = if($(this).attr("href").substring($(this).attr("href").indexOf("#")+1,$(t= his).attr("href").length) =3D=3D "diggRelatedContainer") { if(!diggRelLoaded) { var keywordSearch =3D $(".storyHead > h1").text()+" "+$(".storyHead = > h2").text(); keywordSearch =3D keywordSearch.replace(/[^a-z\d]/ig,"%20"); = $.getJSON("http://search.yahooapis.com/ContentAnalysisService/V1/termExtr= action?appid=3DdeniHHzV34FqQPWGih.kDVGS9XU6CWMYkwNK8VJyzFlTmH8SzOSEwMTm2g= hAMziODZvIiYAdnVdk8vI-&context=3D"+keywordSearch+"&output=3Djson&callback= =3D?", function(data){ if(data.ResultSet) { var searchTerm =3D data.ResultSet.Result[0].replace(" ","%20"); if(data.ResultSet.Result.length > 1) { searchTerm +=3D "%20" + data.ResultSet.Result[1].replace(" = ","%20"); } } else { var searchTerm =3D keywordSearch; } = getJSONObj("http://digg.com/tools/services?type=3Djavascript&endPoint=3D/= stories/popular&search=3D"+searchTerm+"&sort=3Dpromote_date-desc&count=3D= 6&size=3Da","TMGCallback","related"); }); diggRelLoaded =3D true; } } =09 return false; }); $(".diggMPTab > a, .diggUCTab > a").click(function(){ if($("#diggFooter[class!=3D'diggFTTele']").length > 0){ $("#diggFooter").removeClass("diggFTDigg").addClass("diggFTTele") } return false; }); $(".diggRTab > a").click(function(){ if($("#diggFooter[class!=3D'diggFTDigg']").length > 0){ $("#diggFooter").removeClass("diggFTTele").addClass("diggFTDigg") } return false; }); =09 = getJSONObj("http://digg.com/tools/services?type=3Djavascript&endPoint=3D/= stories/popular&domain=3Dwww.telegraph.co.uk&sort=3Dpromote_date-desc&cou= nt=3D6&size=3Da","TMGCallback","popular"); } }); ------=_NextPart_000_00FC_01C9A620.2CF926E0 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/template/ver1-0/js/tmglMultitrackSelector.js /************************************************************************= *** * * Copyright (C) Telegraph Media Group Ltd. * All Rights Reserved. No use, copying or distribution of this work may = be * made. This notice must be included on all copies, modifications and * derivatives of this work. *************************************************************************= *** * Author: L Dyson Date: 15/03/2008 * * Description: * jQuery/Webtrends code for new-site Web Analytics for DCSMultiTrack * *************************************************************************= *** * $Id: tmglMultitrackSelector.js,v 1.9 2008/10/24 13:04:23 mcshanea Exp = $ *************************************************************************= **/ $(function(){ /* External Links */ $('a[@href]').click(function(){ if ($(this).attr("href").indexOf("telegraph.co.uk") =3D=3D -1=20 && ($(this).attr("href").indexOf("/") > 0 || = $(this).attr("href").indexOf("/") =3D=3D -1) && ($(this).attr("href").indexOf("#") > 0 || = $(this).attr("href").indexOf("#") =3D=3D -1 ) && $(this).attr("href").indexOf("link.brightcove.com") =3D=3D -1 && $(this).attr("href").indexOf("javascript:") =3D=3D -1 && $(this).attr("href").indexOf("mailto:") =3D=3D -1) { dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.externalLink',$(this).attr("href"),'WT.tx_u','1','D= CS.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); } }); =09 /* track links to pdf's */ $("a[href*=3D'.pdf']").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.pdfDownload',$(this).attr('href'),'WT.tx_u','1','DC= S.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); /* Image Puff */ $(".puff > a > img").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.puff',$(this).parents(".puff").comments(0),'WT.tx_u= ','1','DCS.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); =09 /* Commercial Text Puff */ $(".comPuff a").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.puff',$(this).parents(".comPuff").comments(0),'WT.t= x_u','1','DCS.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); =09 /* Commercial Carousel - Partner Button */ $("#comCarousel > #comCarTools > #carouselBtns > = .btn").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.carouselSponsor',$(this).comments(0),'WT.tx_u','1',= 'DCS.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); =09 /* Commercial Carousel - Partner Offer */ $("#comCarousel > #comCarPartners > .partner > .offer = a").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.carouselOffer',$(this).parents(".offer").comments(0= ),'WT.tx_u','1','DCS.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); =09 /* Commercial Tracking - Middle Group */ $("#middleGroup .headerOne a").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.middleGroup',$(this).parents(".headerOne").comments= (0),'WT.tx_u','1','DCS.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); $("#middleGroup .headerTwo a").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.middleGroup',$(this).parents(".headerTwo").comments= (0),'WT.tx_u','1','DCS.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); $("#middleGroup .headerThree a").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.middleGroup',$(this).parents(".headerThree").commen= ts(0),'WT.tx_u','1','DCS.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); $("#middleGroup .summary a").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.middleGroup',$(this).parents(".summary").comments(0= ),'WT.tx_u','1','DCS.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); =09 /* Commercial Tracking - Bottom Group */ $("#bottomGroup .headerOne a").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.bottomGroup',$(this).parents(".headerOne").comments= (0),'WT.tx_u','1','DCS.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); $("#bottomGroup .headerTwo a").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.bottomGroup',$(this).parents(".headerTwo").comments= (0),'WT.tx_u','1','DCS.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); $("#bottomGroup .headerThree a").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.bottomGroup',$(this).parents(".headerThree").commen= ts(0),'WT.tx_u','1','DCS.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); $("#bottomGroup .summary a").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.bottomGroup',$(this).parents(".summary").comments(0= ),'WT.tx_u','1','DCS.dcsref',DCS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); /* TTV links */ $('a[@href*=3Dhttp://link.brightcove.com]').click(function(){ var textURL =3D null; if($(this).children("img").length>0){ var textURL =3D $(this).children("img").attr("alt"); } else { var textURL =3D $(this).text(); } dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.TTVLink',textURL,'DCSext.MLC','/ttv','DCS.dcsref',D= CS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); = $('a[@href*=3Dhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/ttv]').click(function(){ var textURL =3D null; if($(this).children("img").length>0){ var textURL =3D $(this).children("img").attr("alt"); } else { var textURL =3D $(this).text(); } dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.TTVLink',textURL,'DCSext.MLC','/ttv','DCS.dcsref',D= CS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); =09 /* Autotrader clicks */ $("#pagination a").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.HTMLClick','autotraderPagination','DCS.dcsref',DCS.= dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); $(".autotraderNewCarTrader").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.HTMLClick','autotraderNewCarTrader','DCS.dcsref',DC= S.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); $(".popAutotraderNewCar").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.HTMLClick','autotraderNewCarDetail','DCS.dcsref',DC= S.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); $(".popAutotraderUsedCar").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.HTMLClick','autotraderUsedCarDetail','DCS.dcsref',D= CS.dcssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); =09 /* Digg Widget clicks */ // Tab Clicks $("#diggWidget > .diggTabs > ul > .diggMPTab > a, #diggWidget > = .diggTabs > ul > .diggUCTab > a, #diggWidget > .diggTabs > ul > = .diggRTab > a").click(function(){ dcsRebuild(); dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.widgetId','Digg = Widget','DCSext.tabClick',$(this).text(),'WT.tx_u','1','DCS.dcsref',DCS.d= cssip+DCS.dcsuri); }); // Story Clicks - refer to digg widget code =09 =09 }); ------=_NextPart_000_00FC_01C9A620.2CF926E0 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/template/ver1-0/js/popup.js /* *************************************************************************= ** * * Copyright (C) Telegraph Media Group Ltd. * All Rights Reserved. No use, copying or distribution of this work may = be * made. This notice must be included on all copies, modifications and * derivatives of this work. * * $Id: popup.js,v 1.7 2008/10/01 14:59:03 dysonl Exp $ * *************************************************************************= ** */ $(function() { $('.popMMP').click(function(){ = window.open($(this).attr('href'),'tcuk_mediaplayer','width=3D924,height=3D= 710,scrollbars=3Dno'); return false; }); $('.popAudio').click(function(){ = window.open($(this).attr('href'),'Audio','width=3D260,height=3D350,scroll= bars=3Dno'); return false; }); $('.popMatt').click(function(){ = window.open($(this).attr('href'),'matt','width=3D392,height=3D470,scrollb= ars=3Dno'); return false; }); $('.popAlex').click(function(){ = window.open($(this).attr('href'),'alex','width=3D820,height=3D690,scrollb= ars=3Dno'); return false; }); $('.popTerms').click(function(){ = window.open($(this).attr('href'),'terms_and_conditions','height=3D400,wid= th=3D400,scrollbars'); return false; }); $('.popMessageboard').click(function(){ = window.open($(this).attr('href'),'messageboard_post_message','height=3D45= 0,width=3D305,scrollbars,resizable,directories'); return false; }); $('.popMessageboardPrint').click(function(){ = window.open($(this).attr('href'),'messageboard_post_message','height=3D60= 0,width=3D600,scrollbars,resizable,toolbar,menubar,directories'); return false; }); $('.popAutotraderUsedCar').click(function(){ = window.open($(this).attr('href'),'autotrader_car_detail','height=3D700,wi= dth=3D700,scrollbars'); return false; }); =09 $('.popAutotraderNewCar').click(function(){ = window.open($(this).attr('href'),'autotrader_car_detail','height=3D620,wi= dth=3D680,scrollbars'); return false; }); $('.popNewWindow').click(function(){ window.open($(this).attr('href')); return false; }); }); ------=_NextPart_000_00FC_01C9A620.2CF926E0 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/template/ver1-0/js/tmglSlideShow.js /************************************************************************= *** * * Copyright (C) Telegraph Media Group Ltd. * All Rights Reserved. No use, copying or distribution of this work may = be * made. This notice must be included on all copies, modifications and * derivatives of this work. *************************************************************************= *** * Author: Luke Dyson Date: 24/03/2008 * * Description: * Renders all slideshow functionality * *************************************************************************= *** * $Id: tmglSlideShow.js,v 1.6 2008/10/15 18:32:11 dysonl Exp $ *************************************************************************= **/ // Generic slideshow array to save each found slideshow var ssObj =3D []; // Generic slideshow object to save data for each found slideshow function SlideShowObj() { this.delay=3D3000; this.timeoutId=3Dnull; this.autoFunction=3Dnull; this.ssType=3Dnull; } // Slideshow function to show the "next" slide function ssNext(id) { // Retrieve the currently shown slide number var indexShown =3D = $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg").index($(ssObj[id].slideshow).find("= .ssImg:visible").get(0)); // to refresh the ad frame on popup slideshows var nextImage =3D 0; // hide the currently shown slide $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg:eq("+indexShown+")").hide(); // If we have reached the end of the slides, start from the beginning, = otherwise show the next slide (update counters if they exist) if(indexShown =3D=3D $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg").length-1) { $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg:eq(0)").show(); if($(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".tools .index").length>0) { $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".tools .index").html("1"); } nextImage =3D 0; } else { $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg:eq("+(indexShown+1)+")").show(); if($(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".tools .index").length>0) { $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".tools .index").html((indexShown+1)+1); } nextImage =3D indexShown+1; } } // Slideshow function to show the "previous" slide function ssPrev(id) { // Retrieve the currently shown slide number var indexShown =3D = $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg").index($(ssObj[id].slideshow).find("= .ssImg:visible").get(0)); // to refresh the ad frame on popup slideshows var nextImage =3D 0; // hide the currently shown slide $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg:eq("+indexShown+")").hide(); // If we have reached the beginning of the slides, start from the end, = otherwise show the previous slide (update counters if they exist) if(indexShown =3D=3D 0) { = $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg:eq("+($(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".s= sImg").length-1)+")").show(); if($(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".tools .index").length>0) { $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".tools = .index").html($(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg").length); } nextImage =3D $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg").length-1; } else { $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg:eq("+(indexShown-1)+")").show(); if($(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".tools .index").length>0) { $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".tools .index").html(indexShown); } nextImage =3D indexShown-1; } } // Slideshow function to so a "random" slide function randomFrame(id) { // Retrieve the currently shown slide number var indexShown =3D = $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg").index($(ssObj[id].slideshow).find("= .ssImg:visible").get(0)); // Choose a random slide number var randomFrameNo=3DMath.floor(Math.random() * = $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg").length); // prevent showing the same frame twice in a row, otherwise show the = current slide and show the randomly selected slide if(indexShown=3D=3DrandomFrameNo) { randomFrame(); } else { $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg:eq("+indexShown+")").hide(); $(ssObj[id].slideshow).find(".ssImg:eq("+randomFrameNo+")").show(); } } // Initialise all slideshows on this page $(function(){ // Get all the slideshows on the page var slideshow =3D $(".slideshow").get(); // For every slideshow found... for(i in slideshow) { // Generate a new slideshow object for this slideshow ssObj[i] =3D new SlideShowObj(); // Save the slideshow for ready access ssObj[i].slideshow =3D slideshow[i]; =09 // added to make sure we are dealing with a dom object and not a = function if (typeof(slideshow[i]) !=3D 'object') continue; =09 /* Retrieve setup data from the DOM */ /* Get the functional elements from the first comment found in the = rotating element, then split it. */ var ssSetup =3D $(ssObj[i].slideshow).comments(0) !=3D = null?$(ssObj[i].slideshow).comments(0).split(","):null; =09 if (ssSetup !=3D null) { // Get the time delay (if this is set), and save it to this = slideshows' object (Generally only used if there is a function also set) if(ssSetup[0] !=3D null && ssSetup[0] !=3D ""){ ssObj[i].delay =3D ssSetup[0]; } // Get the function required (if this is set), and save it to this = slideshows' object if(ssSetup[1] !=3D null && ssSetup[1] !=3D ""){ ssObj[i].autoFunction =3D ssSetup[1]; } } =09 // Define the type of this slideshow if ($(ssObj[i].slideshow).is(".epic")=3D=3Dtrue) { ssObj[i].ssType =3D "epic"; } else { ssObj[i].ssType =3D "image"; } // Setup the slides ready for viewing (Remove "fail gracefully" = classes and reset their states) $(ssObj[i].slideshow).find(".ssImg").removeClass("hide").hide(); $(ssObj[i].slideshow).find(".ssImg:first").removeClass("show").show(); // Find the previous button (if it exists) and bind a click event = function to it... if($(ssObj[i].slideshow).find(".tools .prev").get(0)!=3Dundefined){ $(ssObj[i].slideshow).find(".tools = .prev").bind("click",{count:i},function(e){ // If this slideshow is currently automated, stop the automation if (ssObj[e.data.count].timeoutId!=3Dnull){ clearInterval(ssObj[e.data.count].timeoutId); ssObj[e.data.count].timeoutId=3Dnull; } // Fire off the call to show the previous slide for this slideshow ssPrev(e.data.count); // Click reporting dcsCleanup(); dcsMeta(); // Click report based on slideshow type if (ssObj[e.data.count].ssType =3D=3D "image") { = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.embeddedSlideshowImage',$(ssObj[e.data.count].slide= show).find("> .ssImg:visible > img").attr("src")); } else if (ssObj[e.data.count].ssType =3D=3D "epic") { = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.epicSlideshow',$(ssObj[e.data.count].slideshow).fin= d("> .ssImg:visible > = iframe").attr("src").substring($(ssObj[e.data.count].slideshow).find("> = .ssImg:visible > = iframe").attr("src").indexOf("=3D")+1,$(ssObj[e.data.count].slideshow).fi= nd("> .ssImg:visible > iframe").attr("src").length)); } =09 }); } // Find the next button (if it exists) and bind a click event function = to it... if($(ssObj[i].slideshow).find(".tools .next").get(0)!=3Dundefined){ $(ssObj[i].slideshow).find(".tools = .next").bind("click",{count:i},function(e){ // If this slideshow is currently automated, stop the automation if (ssObj[e.data.count].timeoutId!=3Dnull){ clearInterval(ssObj[e.data.count].timeoutId); ssObj[e.data.count].timeoutId=3Dnull; } // Fire off the call to show the next slide for this slideshow ssNext(e.data.count); // Click reporting dcsCleanup(); dcsMeta(); // Click report based on slideshow type if (ssObj[e.data.count].ssType =3D=3D "image") { = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.embeddedSlideshowImage',$(ssObj[e.data.count].slide= show).find("> .ssImg:visible > img").attr("src")); } else if (ssObj[e.data.count].ssType =3D=3D "epic") { = dcsMultiTrack('DCSext.epicSlideshow',$(ssObj[e.data.count].slideshow).fin= d("> .ssImg:visible > = iframe").attr("src").substring($(ssObj[e.data.count].slideshow).find("> = .ssImg:visible > = iframe").attr("src").indexOf("=3D")+1,$(ssObj[e.data.count].slideshow).fi= nd("> .ssImg:visible > iframe").attr("src").length)); } }); } // if this slideshow shows the current slide count and a total slide = count, initialise them if($(ssObj[i].slideshow).find(".index").length>0 && = $(ssObj[i].slideshow).find(".total").length>0) { $(ssObj[i].slideshow).find(".index").html("1"); = $(ssObj[i].slideshow).find(".total").html($(ssObj[i].slideshow).find(".ss= Img").length); } // The nav area is now ready to show. $(ssObj[i].slideshow).find(".tools").removeClass("hide").show(); // from this slideshows object, decide if it is to be automated using = the standard slideshow functions if(ssObj[i].autoFunction =3D=3D "randomFrame"){ ssObj[i].timeoutId =3D = setInterval(randomFrame,Number(ssObj[i].delay),i); }else if(ssObj[i].autoFunction =3D=3D "nextFrame"){ ssObj[i].timeoutId =3D setInterval(ssNext,Number(ssObj[i].delay),i); }else if(ssObj[i].autoFunction =3D=3D "prevFrame"){ ssObj[i].timeoutId =3D setInterval(ssPrev,Number(ssObj[i].delay),i); } } }); ------=_NextPart_000_00FC_01C9A620.2CF926E0 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/template/ver1-0/js/ajax.js /* $Id: ajax.js,v 1.2 2008/09/23 15:55:46 dysonl Exp $ */ function AJAXInteraction(url,parameters,callback_function,return_xml) { var http_request =3D false; if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { http_request =3D new XMLHttpRequest(); if (http_request.overrideMimeType) { http_request.overrideMimeType('text/xml'); } } else if (window.ActiveXObject) { try { http_request =3D new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); } catch (e) { try { http_request =3D new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } catch (e) {} } } http_request.onreadystatechange =3D function() { if (http_request.readyState =3D=3D 4) { =09 if (http_request.status =3D=3D 200 && callback_function) { = =09 if (return_xml) { callback_function(http_request.responseXML); } else { callback_function(http_request.responseText); } =09 } else { if (window.location.hostname.indexOf("www")=3D=3D-1) { alert('There was a problem with the request.(Code: ' + = http_request.status + ')'); } } } } this.doGet =3D function() { http_request.open("GET", url, true); http_request.send(null); }; this.doPost =3D function() { http_request.open('POST', url, true); /* fixes Firefox's no req params problem */ http_request.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'); 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Rampaging hordes - or darlings of the Dark Ages?

The vikings' reputation as hairy, axe-wielding barbarians has been=20 demolished by the revelation that the ancient Norsemen were = technologically=20 advanced, hygienic and really rather civilised, says William Langley =

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